工(gong)(gong)(gong)字(zi)(zi)(zi)鋼也稱為(wei)鋼梁（英(ying)文(wen)名稱 Universal Beam），是(shi)截面(mian)(mian)為(wei)工(gong)(gong)(gong)字(zi)(zi)(zi)形狀的(de)長條(tiao)鋼材。工(gong)(gong)(gong)字(zi)(zi)(zi)鋼分普通(tong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)字(zi)(zi)(zi)鋼和輕型工(gong)(gong)(gong)字(zi)(zi)(zi)鋼。是(shi)截面(mian)(mian)形狀為(wei)工(gong)(gong)(gong)字(zi)(zi)(zi)型的(de)型鋼。

        分類

        工字(zi)鋼(gang)主要分(fen)為普通(tong)工字(zi)鋼(gang)、輕型工字(zi)鋼(gang)和寬(kuan)(kuan)翼(yi)(yi)(yi)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)工字(zi)鋼(gang)。按翼(yi)(yi)(yi)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)與腹(fu)板(ban)高(gao)度 比(bi)又分(fen)為寬(kuan)(kuan)幅(fu)(fu)、中幅(fu)(fu)、窄幅(fu)(fu)寬(kuan)(kuan)翼(yi)(yi)(yi)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)工字(zi)鋼(gang)。前(qian)二者(zhe)生產(chan)的規格(ge)為10—60號，即(ji) 相應(ying)的高(gao)度為10 cm—60 cm。在相同高(gao)度下，輕型工字(zi)鋼(gang)翼(yi)(yi)(yi)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)窄、腹(fu)板(ban)薄(bo)、重 量輕。寬(kuan)(kuan)翼(yi)(yi)(yi)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)工字(zi)鋼(gang)又稱H型鋼(gang)，斷面(mian)特點是兩腿平行，且腿內側沒有斜度。 它屬于經(jing)濟(ji)斷面(mian)型鋼(gang)。普通(tong)工字(zi)鋼(gang)、輕型工字(zi)鋼(gang)已經(jing)形成標準。

        孔(kong)型設計

        工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)字(zi)(zi)鋼(gang)(gang)的(de)規格是用腰(yao)寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)的(de)厘米值(zhi)來表(biao)示的(de)，如10號工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)字(zi)(zi)鋼(gang)(gang)，其腰(yao)寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)為(wei)10cm。工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)字(zi)(zi)鋼(gang)(gang)的(de)種類有(you)熱軋普通工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)字(zi)(zi)鋼(gang)(gang)、輕型工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)字(zi)(zi)鋼(gang)(gang)和(he)寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)平行腿(tui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)字(zi)(zi)鋼(gang)(gang)（H型鋼(gang)(gang)）。我國(guo)熱軋普通工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)字(zi)(zi)鋼(gang)(gang)的(de)腰(yao)寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)為(wei)100～630mm，表(biao)示為(wei)No.10～No.63，腿(tui)內側壁斜度為(wei)1：6。軋制工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)字(zi)(zi)鋼(gang)(gang)的(de)孔(kong)型系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)有(you)直軋孔(kong)型系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)、斜軋孔(kong)型系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)和(he)混合(he)孔(kong)型系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)。此外，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)字(zi)(zi)鋼(gang)(gang)還可(ke)以采用特殊軋法。

        （1）直(zhi)軋(ya)孔型(xing)系(xi)統。直(zhi)軋(ya)孔型(xing)系(xi)統是(shi)指工(gong)字鋼孔型(xing)的(de)兩個(ge)開口腿同時處于軋(ya)輥軸(zhou)(zhou)線的(de)同一側，腰(yao)與軋(ya)輥軸(zhou)(zhou)線平行的(de)孔型(xing)系(xi)統。

        其優(you)點(dian)是軋輥(gun)軸向(xiang)力小(xiao)，軸向(xiang)竄(cuan)動小(xiao)，不需工作斜面，孔型(xing)占用輥(gun)身(shen)長度小(xiao)，在輥(gun)身(shen)長度一(yi)定的條件(jian)下可多配孔型(xing)。

        （2）斜(xie)軋孔型(xing)系(xi)(xi)統。這種(zhong)孔型(xing)系(xi)(xi)統是指工字(zi)鋼(gang)孔型(xing)的兩個(ge)開(kai)口(kou)腿不同時處于腰部(bu)的同一側，腰與水平軸線有一夾角(jiao)。

        （3）混(hun)合(he)孔(kong)(kong)型(xing)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)。根據軋(ya)(ya)機和產品的(de)特點，為發揮(hui)各(ge)自系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)優點，克服缺點，往往采(cai)用(yong)混(hun)合(he)孔(kong)(kong)型(xing)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)，即(ji)兩種以上系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)組合(he)。如成品孔(kong)(kong)和成品前孔(kong)(kong)采(cai)用(yong)直(zhi)腿(tui)(tui)(tui)斜(xie)軋(ya)(ya)孔(kong)(kong)型(xing)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)，其他孔(kong)(kong)型(xing)采(cai)用(yong)彎(wan)腿(tui)(tui)(tui)斜(xie)軋(ya)(ya)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)；或者粗軋(ya)(ya)孔(kong)(kong)采(cai)用(yong)直(zhi)軋(ya)(ya)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)，然后3～4個(ge)精軋(ya)(ya)孔(kong)(kong)采(cai)用(yong)直(zhi)腿(tui)(tui)(tui)斜(xie)扎孔(kong)(kong)等。

        （4）特殊軋(ya)法(fa)(fa)。由于某種(zhong)原因采用(yong)(yong)通常(chang)的(de)軋(ya)制(zhi)(zhi)方法(fa)(fa)難以(yi)軋(ya)出要(yao)求(qiu)的(de)工(gong)字(zi)鋼(gang)時，可采用(yong)(yong)特殊軋(ya)法(fa)(fa)，利用(yong)(yong)不均勻變形和(he)孔型(xing)設計的(de)技巧。例如(ru)，當鋼(gang)坯(pi)斷面(mian)較窄而(er)要(yao)求(qiu)軋(ya)制(zhi)(zhi)較寬(kuan)的(de)工(gong)字(zi)鋼(gang)時，可采用(yong)(yong)波浪式軋(ya)法(fa)(fa)；又如(ru)當坯(pi)料(liao)較寬(kuan)而(er)要(yao)求(qiu)軋(ya)制(zhi)(zhi)較小(xiao)號工(gong)字(zi)鋼(gang)時，可采用(yong)(yong)負寬(kuan)展軋(ya)制(zhi)(zhi)等。

        應用特點

        工字型(xing)鋼不(bu)論是普通(tong)型(xing)還(huan)是輕型(xing)的，由于截(jie)面(mian)(mian)尺寸均(jun)相對(dui)較高、較窄，故對(dui)截(jie)面(mian)(mian)兩(liang)個主軸的慣(guan)性矩(ju)相差較大(da)，故僅(jin)能直接用(yong)(yong)于在(zai)其(qi)腹(fu)板平面(mian)(mian)內受(shou)彎的構(gou)件(jian)或將(jiang)其(qi)組成格構(gou)式(shi)受(shou)力構(gou)件(jian)。對(dui)軸心受(shou)壓構(gou)件(jian)或在(zai)垂直于腹(fu)板平面(mian)(mian)還(huan)有(you)彎曲的構(gou)件(jian)均(jun)不(bu)宜采用(yong)(yong)，這(zhe)就使其(qi)在(zai)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)范圍上有(you)著很大(da)的局(ju)限。工字鋼廣泛地應(ying)用(yong)(yong)于建筑或 其(qi)他金(jin)屬(shu)結構(gou)。

        普通工(gong)(gong)字(zi)(zi)鋼，輕型(xing)工(gong)(gong)字(zi)(zi)鋼，由于截面尺寸均相(xiang)對較(jiao)高、較(jiao)窄，故對截面兩個主軸的(de)慣性矩相(xiang)差較(jiao)大(da)，這就(jiu)使(shi)其(qi)在應用范(fan)圍上有著很大(da)的(de)局限。工(gong)(gong)字(zi)(zi)鋼的(de)使(shi)用應依(yi)據設計圖紙的(de)要(yao)求進行選用。

        在(zai)結(jie)構設計中(zhong)選(xuan)用工字(zi)鋼(gang)應依據其力學性(xing)能(neng)(neng)，化學性(xing)能(neng)(neng)，可(ke)焊性(xing)能(neng)(neng)，結(jie)構尺寸等選(xuan)擇合理的(de)工字(zi)鋼(gang)進行使(shi)用。

        規格型號

        其規格(ge)以(yi)高×腿厚×腰(yao)厚表(biao)示，也可用號(hao)(hao)數 表(biao)示規格(ge)的主要尺寸。如18號(hao)(hao)工(gong)(gong)字(zi)(zi)鋼，表(biao)示高為(wei)(wei)18 cm的工(gong)(gong)字(zi)(zi)鋼。若高度(du)相(xiang)同 的工(gong)(gong)字(zi)(zi)鋼，則(ze)可在號(hao)(hao)數后(hou)面加注角碼(ma)a或(huo)(huo)b或(huo)(huo)c予以(yi)表(biao)示，如36a、36b、 36c等。它分為(wei)(wei)普通工(gong)(gong)字(zi)(zi)鋼、輕(qing)型(xing)工(gong)(gong)字(zi)(zi)鋼和寬翼緣工(gong)(gong)字(zi)(zi)鋼。按翼緣與腹板高度(du) 比(bi)又分為(wei)(wei)寬幅(fu)、中幅(fu)、窄幅(fu)寬翼緣工(gong)(gong)字(zi)(zi)鋼。前二者生產的規格(ge)為(wei)(wei)10—60號(hao)(hao)，即 相(xiang)應的高度(du)為(wei)(wei)10 cm—60 cm。