工(gong)字鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)也稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)梁（英文名稱(cheng)(cheng) Universal Beam），是(shi)(shi)截(jie)面為(wei)(wei)工(gong)字形(xing)(xing)狀的長條鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)材。工(gong)字鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)分普通工(gong)字鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)和輕型(xing)(xing)工(gong)字鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)。是(shi)(shi)截(jie)面形(xing)(xing)狀為(wei)(wei)工(gong)字型(xing)(xing)的型(xing)(xing)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)。

        分類(lei)

        工(gong)(gong)(gong)字(zi)鋼(gang)主要分為普(pu)通(tong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)字(zi)鋼(gang)、輕型(xing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)字(zi)鋼(gang)和寬(kuan)翼緣(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)字(zi)鋼(gang)。按(an)翼緣(yuan)與腹(fu)板(ban)高(gao)度(du)(du) 比又(you)(you)分為寬(kuan)幅(fu)、中(zhong)幅(fu)、窄(zhai)幅(fu)寬(kuan)翼緣(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)字(zi)鋼(gang)。前二者生產的(de)規格為10—60號，即 相應的(de)高(gao)度(du)(du)為10 cm—60 cm。在(zai)相同高(gao)度(du)(du)下，輕型(xing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)字(zi)鋼(gang)翼緣(yuan)窄(zhai)、腹(fu)板(ban)薄(bo)、重 量輕。寬(kuan)翼緣(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)字(zi)鋼(gang)又(you)(you)稱H型(xing)鋼(gang)，斷面特點是兩腿(tui)平行，且腿(tui)內側沒有斜(xie)度(du)(du)。 它屬于經濟斷面型(xing)鋼(gang)。普(pu)通(tong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)字(zi)鋼(gang)、輕型(xing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)字(zi)鋼(gang)已經形成標準。

        孔型設計

        工(gong)(gong)(gong)字(zi)(zi)鋼的(de)(de)規格是用(yong)(yong)腰寬的(de)(de)厘(li)米值(zhi)來表示的(de)(de)，如10號工(gong)(gong)(gong)字(zi)(zi)鋼，其腰寬為(wei)10cm。工(gong)(gong)(gong)字(zi)(zi)鋼的(de)(de)種類有(you)熱(re)軋(ya)(ya)(ya)普通工(gong)(gong)(gong)字(zi)(zi)鋼、輕型(xing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)字(zi)(zi)鋼和(he)寬平行腿(tui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)字(zi)(zi)鋼（H型(xing)鋼）。我國熱(re)軋(ya)(ya)(ya)普通工(gong)(gong)(gong)字(zi)(zi)鋼的(de)(de)腰寬為(wei)100～630mm，表示為(wei)No.10～No.63，腿(tui)內側壁斜(xie)度為(wei)1：6。軋(ya)(ya)(ya)制工(gong)(gong)(gong)字(zi)(zi)鋼的(de)(de)孔(kong)型(xing)系統有(you)直軋(ya)(ya)(ya)孔(kong)型(xing)系統、斜(xie)軋(ya)(ya)(ya)孔(kong)型(xing)系統和(he)混合孔(kong)型(xing)系統。此外，工(gong)(gong)(gong)字(zi)(zi)鋼還可以采用(yong)(yong)特(te)殊軋(ya)(ya)(ya)法。

        （1）直軋孔(kong)型(xing)系統。直軋孔(kong)型(xing)系統是指工字鋼孔(kong)型(xing)的兩(liang)個開口腿同(tong)(tong)時處于軋輥軸線(xian)的同(tong)(tong)一側，腰與軋輥軸線(xian)平行的孔(kong)型(xing)系統。

        其優點是(shi)軋輥軸向(xiang)力小(xiao)(xiao)，軸向(xiang)竄動小(xiao)(xiao)，不需(xu)工作斜(xie)面，孔(kong)型占用輥身(shen)長度小(xiao)(xiao)，在輥身(shen)長度一定(ding)的條件下(xia)可多配孔(kong)型。

        （2）斜軋(ya)孔型(xing)系統。這種孔型(xing)系統是指工字(zi)鋼孔型(xing)的(de)兩(liang)個開口(kou)腿不同時處于腰部的(de)同一側(ce)，腰與水平軸(zhou)線有(you)一夾角。

        （3）混合(he)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)型(xing)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)。根據軋(ya)(ya)機(ji)和產品(pin)的(de)特點，為發揮(hui)各自系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)優(you)點，克服缺點，往往采(cai)用(yong)(yong)混合(he)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)型(xing)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)，即(ji)兩(liang)種以上系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)組合(he)。如成(cheng)品(pin)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)和成(cheng)品(pin)前孔(kong)(kong)(kong)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)直腿斜軋(ya)(ya)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)型(xing)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)，其他(ta)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)型(xing)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)彎腿斜軋(ya)(ya)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)；或者(zhe)粗軋(ya)(ya)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)直軋(ya)(ya)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)，然(ran)后3～4個精軋(ya)(ya)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)直腿斜扎孔(kong)(kong)(kong)等(deng)。

        （4）特殊(shu)軋(ya)法。由于(yu)某種原因采用(yong)(yong)通常的軋(ya)制方法難以軋(ya)出要求(qiu)的工字(zi)鋼(gang)時，可采用(yong)(yong)特殊(shu)軋(ya)法，利用(yong)(yong)不(bu)均(jun)勻(yun)變(bian)形和孔(kong)型設計(ji)的技(ji)巧。例如，當鋼(gang)坯斷面較窄而要求(qiu)軋(ya)制較寬(kuan)的工字(zi)鋼(gang)時，可采用(yong)(yong)波浪(lang)式軋(ya)法；又如當坯料較寬(kuan)而要求(qiu)軋(ya)制較小號工字(zi)鋼(gang)時，可采用(yong)(yong)負(fu)寬(kuan)展(zhan)軋(ya)制等。

        應用特點(dian)

        工字型(xing)鋼不論(lun)是(shi)普通型(xing)還是(shi)輕型(xing)的(de)，由于(yu)(yu)截面尺寸均(jun)相(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)較(jiao)高(gao)、較(jiao)窄(zhai)，故(gu)對(dui)截面兩個主軸(zhou)的(de)慣性矩相(xiang)(xiang)差較(jiao)大，故(gu)僅能直(zhi)接(jie)用于(yu)(yu)在(zai)其腹(fu)板(ban)(ban)平面內受彎的(de)構(gou)(gou)件(jian)或(huo)將其組成格(ge)構(gou)(gou)式受力構(gou)(gou)件(jian)。對(dui)軸(zhou)心(xin)受壓構(gou)(gou)件(jian)或(huo)在(zai)垂直(zhi)于(yu)(yu)腹(fu)板(ban)(ban)平面還有(you)彎曲的(de)構(gou)(gou)件(jian)均(jun)不宜采用，這就使其在(zai)應用范圍(wei)上有(you)著很大的(de)局(ju)限。工字鋼廣泛地應用于(yu)(yu)建筑或(huo) 其他(ta)金屬結構(gou)(gou)。

        普(pu)通工字鋼，輕型工字鋼，由于截面尺寸均相對較(jiao)高、較(jiao)窄(zhai)，故(gu)對截面兩個(ge)主(zhu)軸的(de)慣性矩相差(cha)較(jiao)大，這就(jiu)使其在應用范圍(wei)上(shang)有著(zhu)很大的(de)局限。工字鋼的(de)使用應依(yi)據設計圖紙的(de)要求(qiu)進行選用。

       ; 在結構(gou)設(she)計(ji)中選用工字(zi)鋼(gang)應(ying)依據其力學性能(neng)(neng)，化學性能(neng)(neng)，可焊性能(neng)(neng)，結構(gou)尺寸等選擇合(he)理的工字(zi)鋼(gang)進行使用。

        規格型號

        其規(gui)格(ge)(ge)以(yi)(yi)高×腿厚×腰厚表(biao)示(shi)(shi)，也可用號數(shu) 表(biao)示(shi)(shi)規(gui)格(ge)(ge)的主要尺寸。如18號工(gong)(gong)(gong)字(zi)鋼，表(biao)示(shi)(shi)高為18 cm的工(gong)(gong)(gong)字(zi)鋼。若高度(du)(du)相(xiang)同(tong) 的工(gong)(gong)(gong)字(zi)鋼，則可在號數(shu)后面加注角碼a或b或c予以(yi)(yi)表(biao)示(shi)(shi)，如36a、36b、 36c等。它(ta)分為普通工(gong)(gong)(gong)字(zi)鋼、輕型(xing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)字(zi)鋼和寬翼(yi)緣(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)字(zi)鋼。按翼(yi)緣(yuan)(yuan)與(yu)腹(fu)板高度(du)(du) 比又分為寬幅、中幅、窄(zhai)幅寬翼(yi)緣(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)字(zi)鋼。前二者(zhe)生產的規(gui)格(ge)(ge)為10—60號，即 相(xiang)應(ying)的高度(du)(du)為10 cm—60 cm。