工(gong)(gong)字鋼(gang)(gang)也稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)鋼(gang)(gang)梁(liang)（英文名(ming)稱(cheng) Universal Beam），是截面為(wei)(wei)(wei)工(gong)(gong)字形狀(zhuang)的長條鋼(gang)(gang)材。工(gong)(gong)字鋼(gang)(gang)分普通(tong)工(gong)(gong)字鋼(gang)(gang)和(he)輕型(xing)(xing)工(gong)(gong)字鋼(gang)(gang)。是截面形狀(zhuang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)工(gong)(gong)字型(xing)(xing)的型(xing)(xing)鋼(gang)(gang)。

        分類

        工(gong)(gong)(gong)字鋼(gang)主要分為普通工(gong)(gong)(gong)字鋼(gang)、輕型工(gong)(gong)(gong)字鋼(gang)和寬翼(yi)(yi)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)字鋼(gang)。按翼(yi)(yi)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)與腹板高度(du)(du) 比又分為寬幅(fu)、中幅(fu)、窄幅(fu)寬翼(yi)(yi)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)字鋼(gang)。前二者(zhe)生產的規(gui)格為10—60號，即 相(xiang)應的高度(du)(du)為10 cm—60 cm。在相(xiang)同(tong)高度(du)(du)下(xia)，輕型工(gong)(gong)(gong)字鋼(gang)翼(yi)(yi)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)窄、腹板薄、重(zhong) 量(liang)輕。寬翼(yi)(yi)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)字鋼(gang)又稱H型鋼(gang)，斷(duan)面特點是(shi)兩腿(tui)平行，且(qie)腿(tui)內側沒有斜度(du)(du)。 它屬于經(jing)濟斷(duan)面型鋼(gang)。普通工(gong)(gong)(gong)字鋼(gang)、輕型工(gong)(gong)(gong)字鋼(gang)已經(jing)形成標準。

        孔(kong)型設計

        工(gong)字(zi)鋼(gang)的規格是(shi)用(yong)腰(yao)寬的厘米(mi)值來表示的，如(ru)10號工(gong)字(zi)鋼(gang)，其腰(yao)寬為(wei)10cm。工(gong)字(zi)鋼(gang)的種類有熱軋(ya)普(pu)通工(gong)字(zi)鋼(gang)、輕型(xing)工(gong)字(zi)鋼(gang)和寬平行(xing)腿(tui)工(gong)字(zi)鋼(gang)（H型(xing)鋼(gang)）。我國熱軋(ya)普(pu)通工(gong)字(zi)鋼(gang)的腰(yao)寬為(wei)100～630mm，表示為(wei)No.10～No.63，腿(tui)內側壁斜(xie)度為(wei)1：6。軋(ya)制(zhi)工(gong)字(zi)鋼(gang)的孔(kong)型(xing)系統有直軋(ya)孔(kong)型(xing)系統、斜(xie)軋(ya)孔(kong)型(xing)系統和混合孔(kong)型(xing)系統。此外，工(gong)字(zi)鋼(gang)還可以(yi)采用(yong)特殊軋(ya)法。

        （1）直(zhi)軋(ya)孔(kong)(kong)型(xing)(xing)系統(tong)。直(zhi)軋(ya)孔(kong)(kong)型(xing)(xing)系統(tong)是指工(gong)字(zi)鋼孔(kong)(kong)型(xing)(xing)的兩個開口(kou)腿同(tong)時處于(yu)軋(ya)輥軸(zhou)(zhou)線(xian)的同(tong)一側，腰與(yu)軋(ya)輥軸(zhou)(zhou)線(xian)平行的孔(kong)(kong)型(xing)(xing)系統(tong)。

        其優點是(shi)軋輥軸(zhou)(zhou)向(xiang)力小(xiao)，軸(zhou)(zhou)向(xiang)竄動小(xiao)，不需工作斜面，孔型(xing)(xing)占用輥身(shen)長度(du)小(xiao)，在輥身(shen)長度(du)一定(ding)的條件下(xia)可多配孔型(xing)(xing)。

        （2）斜(xie)軋孔型(xing)系(xi)統(tong)。這(zhe)種(zhong)孔型(xing)系(xi)統(tong)是(shi)指(zhi)工字鋼(gang)孔型(xing)的兩(liang)個開(kai)口腿(tui)不同(tong)時處(chu)于(yu)腰部的同(tong)一(yi)側(ce)，腰與水平軸(zhou)線有一(yi)夾角。

        （3）混(hun)合孔(kong)(kong)(kong)型系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)。根(gen)據軋(ya)機和(he)產(chan)品(pin)的特點，為(wei)發揮各自系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的優點，克(ke)服缺點，往(wang)往(wang)采用(yong)(yong)混(hun)合孔(kong)(kong)(kong)型系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)，即兩種(zhong)以上系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的組(zu)合。如成(cheng)品(pin)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)和(he)成(cheng)品(pin)前孔(kong)(kong)(kong)采用(yong)(yong)直腿斜軋(ya)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)型系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)，其(qi)他孔(kong)(kong)(kong)型采用(yong)(yong)彎腿斜軋(ya)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)；或者粗(cu)軋(ya)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)采用(yong)(yong)直軋(ya)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)，然后(hou)3～4個精軋(ya)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)采用(yong)(yong)直腿斜扎孔(kong)(kong)(kong)等。

        （4）特殊(shu)軋(ya)(ya)法(fa)。由于(yu)某種原因采(cai)用(yong)通常的軋(ya)(ya)制(zhi)方(fang)法(fa)難以軋(ya)(ya)出要求(qiu)的工字鋼時，可采(cai)用(yong)特殊(shu)軋(ya)(ya)法(fa)，利(li)用(yong)不均(jun)勻變形和(he)孔型設計的技巧。例(li)如(ru)，當鋼坯斷面較窄而要求(qiu)軋(ya)(ya)制(zhi)較寬的工字鋼時，可采(cai)用(yong)波浪式軋(ya)(ya)法(fa)；又如(ru)當坯料較寬而要求(qiu)軋(ya)(ya)制(zhi)較小(xiao)號(hao)工字鋼時，可采(cai)用(yong)負寬展軋(ya)(ya)制(zhi)等(deng)。

  ;      應用(yong)特(te)點(dian)

        工字型(xing)(xing)鋼(gang)不(bu)論是普通型(xing)(xing)還(huan)是輕型(xing)(xing)的(de)，由于(yu)(yu)截面尺寸均(jun)(jun)相對(dui)較(jiao)高、較(jiao)窄(zhai)，故(gu)對(dui)截面兩個(ge)主(zhu)軸的(de)慣性矩(ju)相差(cha)較(jiao)大，故(gu)僅能直(zhi)接用(yong)于(yu)(yu)在其(qi)腹板平面內受彎(wan)的(de)構件(jian)或(huo)將其(qi)組成格(ge)構式(shi)受力構件(jian)。對(dui)軸心(xin)受壓(ya)構件(jian)或(huo)在垂直(zhi)于(yu)(yu)腹板平面還(huan)有彎(wan)曲的(de)構件(jian)均(jun)(jun)不(bu)宜(yi)采用(yong)，這就使其(qi)在應用(yong)范圍上有著很大的(de)局(ju)限。工字鋼(gang)廣泛(fan)地應用(yong)于(yu)(yu)建筑或(huo) 其(qi)他金屬結構。

        普通工字鋼，輕型工字鋼，由于截(jie)(jie)面尺(chi)寸均(jun)相(xiang)對較高、較窄，故對截(jie)(jie)面兩(liang)個主軸(zhou)的慣(guan)性矩(ju)相(xiang)差(cha)較大，這就使其在應用范圍上(shang)有(you)著很大的局限。工字鋼的使用應依(yi)據(ju)設計圖紙的要求(qiu)進行選用。

        在結(jie)構設計中選(xuan)用工字(zi)鋼應依據其力學性能，化(hua)學性能，可焊(han)性能，結(jie)構尺寸(cun)等選(xuan)擇(ze)合理(li)的工字(zi)鋼進行使用。

        規格型號

        其規格(ge)以(yi)高(gao)(gao)×腿(tui)厚×腰厚表(biao)示，也可用號數 表(biao)示規格(ge)的(de)(de)主要尺寸。如(ru)18號工(gong)(gong)字(zi)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)，表(biao)示高(gao)(gao)為18 cm的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)字(zi)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)。若高(gao)(gao)度(du)相(xiang)同 的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)字(zi)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)，則可在號數后面加注(zhu)角碼(ma)a或b或c予以(yi)表(biao)示，如(ru)36a、36b、 36c等。它分(fen)為普通工(gong)(gong)字(zi)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)、輕型工(gong)(gong)字(zi)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)和寬(kuan)翼(yi)緣工(gong)(gong)字(zi)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)。按翼(yi)緣與腹板(ban)高(gao)(gao)度(du) 比又分(fen)為寬(kuan)幅、中幅、窄幅寬(kuan)翼(yi)緣工(gong)(gong)字(zi)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)。前二者生產(chan)的(de)(de)規格(ge)為10—60號，即 相(xiang)應的(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)度(du)為10 cm—60 cm。